One
of the most valuable calendars of the Middle Ages originated from the
Netherlands in the mid–15th century. It is the calendar of the Diocese
of Utrecht. Aside from an annual calendar, it also contains a transcript
of the Getijdenboek, a manuscript by the Dutch theologian and
preacher Geert Groote. Every page of the manuscript is adorned with
colored and sometimes gilded initials, as well as splendid floral
bordures and figural decorative elements.
Geert Groote – Getijdenboek
Historic
annual calendars rarely limited themselves to a pure depiction of the
course of the year, but rather gave information about the season-dependent activities,
the weather conditions expected in the course of the year gives the
best day for the cutting of hair, bathing, bleeding, weaning, etc. In
Christianity, the term calendar indicates an official directory for church feasts and commemoration days.
In the Middle Ages, the calendar reached the broadest levels of the
population in a way that few other types of reading material had and
were always used for practical and economical use, but also as edifying
and moral instruction. The Getijdenboek by the Dutchman Geert Groote
was made for the Utrecht Diocese and is one of the most beautiful
examples of this manuscript genre. Practically every page of the
parchment manuscript illuminated with gorgeously colored and gilded initials, as well as floral and figurative patterns. Today, the precious original specimen of the work is in the university library of Nicolaus Copernicus in the Polish city of Torun.
The Gifted Author Geert Groote
Geert Groote was a Dutch theologian and preacher of repentance.
He was born the son of the wealthy merchant Werner Grote and his wife
Heylwig van der Basselen. Both of his parents died of plague when he was
ten years old. Orphaned at an early age, he attended the chapter school
of the Utrecht Hochstift and at the age of 15 began his studies at the Sarbonne in Paris,
where he came into contact with the great philosophers and scholars of
his time. He was particularly influenced by the writings of the famous
medieval preacher and mystic Bernard of Clairvaux.
Groote led a dissolute life in his youth. Moved by a meeting with
Heinrich von Calcar, a close friend and Carthusian monk, he decided one
day for a pious and virtuous life in a monastery in Dutch Arnhem. Here the educated and well-read monk inter alia made his handwritten calendar for the Diocese of Utrecht.
Enchanting Illumination
The Utrecht calendar consists of two book parts, which were combined by a scribe in the mid–15th century. The second part of the work is a transcript of the Getijdenboek by Groote, the first part contains the annual calendar. The uniform script of the original work is still easily legible today. Each page is adorned with unique, stunningly colored and gilded initials. The borders of the pages are furnished with elaborate bordures of flowering tendrils and figurative patterns. These special elements of décor clearly show the influence of Renaissance illumination,
which the anonymous illuminators were guided by in their work. The
binding of the manuscript is equally characteristic for the time period.
It consists of dark-brown leather embossed with a pattern as well as two brass clasps, which protect the pages of the book from dust and dirt.
